Electromobility in Poland: challenges and opportunities in the context of legal regulations

Purpose: This study analyses the impact of legal regulations on the transformation of urban bus fleets in Poland. Methodology/Approach: The research assesses municipal bus operators' readiness for zero-emission vehicles using fleet data, emission stats, and regulations. Findings: Significant disparities exist among cities in adopting zero-emission technologies, with leaders benefiting from financial support and laggards facing infrastructural and financial barriers. Research Limitations/Implications: The study is limited to cities with their own bus operators, which may not capture all transport models in Poland. Originality/Value: The study analyses Poland’s urban transport sector within EU and national regulations using secondary data, assessing the impact of upcoming legislative changes on public transport operators.