Hardware and application aware performance, power and energy models for modern HPC servers with DVFS

Energy usage and its ecological impact is now a major concern in High Performance Computing (HPC). To optimize supercomputers efficiency, researchers rely on models, as accessing actual platform is complex and costly. Changing DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) is the most studied method, but it impacts power, performance and energy in a complex way. We propose to bridge the gap between the theoretical and the practical approaches. We propose a multi cluster, multi application model accurately describing from a theoretical point of view the power and performance of applications subject to DVFS. We show how to use it on a runtime system with a minimal overhead, using only a few hardware performance counters and RAPL (Running Average Power Limit). We validate our models using an extensive dataset, obtained using 18 different clusters and running 9 benchmarks. We also show how such model can be used to optimize the energy-to-solution for HPC workload.