Epstein–Barr Virus Sequence Variations Among the Understudied Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients of Diverse Ancestries in Southeast Asia

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with cancers, including lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To date, risk variants for NPC were mainly identified from Chinese populations, which dominated the world's total number of cases. Although Southeast Asia (SEA) countries have among the world's top yet intriguingly diverse NPC age-standardized incidence rates across subpopulations, data on EBV from SEA remains scarce. In this study, we examined 83 NPC patients of different ancestries for the presence of risk haplotypes associated with the Southern Chinese NPC and generated and analyzed 67 EBV sequences (from tissue, patient-derived xenografts and lymphoblastoid cell lines of 60 NPC patients) together with 838 published EBV genomes. Our study revealed that NPC patients of non-Chinese ancestry had fewer risk variants and haplotypes that are associated with Southern Chinese NPC and clustered distinctly from lymphomas, Southern Chinese NPC, and non-cancer controls. The distribution of non-synonymous variants was similar among NPC patients of Chinese ancestry, irrespective of geographical location. Meanwhile, non-synonymous variants in genes related to packaging, latency, and structural proteins such as BPLF1, LF3, and LMP1 varied across different ancestries. Our findings suggest possibilities of EBV adaptation to host genetics for NPC pathogenesis and warrant further research for the understudied NPC subpopulations.