Forced or voluntary migrants? Daily and labour market challenges for new Israeli citizens from Ukraine since 2014

This research challenges the dichotomy between voluntary and involuntary migration, highlighting the role of pre-departure experiences in everyday life and labour market outcomes in the host country. Focusing on a qualitative study among Ukrainians who immigrated to Israel between 2014 and 2020 and compares experiences of those who moved from war-torn zones and government-controlled areas, the paper emphasizes the impact of displacement on vulnerabilities. It argues that granting citizenship does not shield repatriates from war-torn territories from precarious employment in Israel. Compared with other repatriates, they face significant challenges due to language barriers, lack of pre-arrival capital, and mental health issues stemming from war and displacement. Immigrants from war-torn zones are initially more disadvantaged than others and, without special support, the effects of their initial disadvantage become cumulative. It calls for more inclusive integration policies that address trauma and provide tailored support, including mental health interventions and professional training. Recognizing the unique needs of these repatriates is crucial for their long-term well-being and successful integration.