Challenges and Opportunities of Social Eguity in the SDGs Reformulating Article XX of the GATT to Protect National Interests

Objective: This study aims to explore the challenges and opportunities in achieving social equality and justice within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and examine how the reformulation of GATT Article XX can serve as a solution to protect national interests in international trade. Theoretical Framework: This research adopts the general equilibrium theory to explain the interaction between international trade policies and the protection of national interests. This theory provides insights into how countries can balance domestic interests with international obligations within the global trade system. Method: This study employs a normative legal approach by analyzing the provisions of GATT Article XX and relevant principles of international law. Additionally, it integrates economic theory, particularly general equilibrium theory, to identify trade policy solutions that allow countries to maintain a balance between protecting national interests and adhering to international trade commitments. Results and Discussion: The reformulation of GATT Article XX is proposed as a solution that enables countries to implement legitimate protective policies related to strategic issues such as health, the environment, and security without violating international trade regulations. This provision offers exceptions that permit necessary protectionist policies, provided they do not result in discrimination or unnecessary trade restrictions. The application of GATT Article XX can enhance the legitimacy of domestic policies, support a balance between national interest protection and the integrity of the global trade system, and accelerate the achievement of sustainable SDG objectives. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the literature by presenting an innovative approach to reformulating Article XX, emphasizing clarity, flexibility, and inclusivity to enhance its applicability. It highlights the importance of aligning trade rules with contemporary global challenges such as environmental sustainability and public health.