Breaking Chains, Rebuilding Lives: Maternal Incarceration, Family Well-Being and Support Systems in the Context of the SDGs

Objective: This study investigates the impact of maternal incarceration on family dynamics, emotional well-being, and social support system among incarcerated mothers in Bulacan Provincial Jail. The research aims to examine the lived experiences of incarcerated mothers, assess the challenges faced in maintaining maternal roles, and explore institutional support mechanisms within correctional facilities. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1969), which highlights the psychosocial consequences of maternal separation, Family Systems Theory (Minuchin, 1974), emphasizing the disruptions in family structure, and Restorative Justice Model (Zehr, 1990), advocating for rehabilitative approaches over punitive measures. Additionally, Strain Theory (Merton, 1938) and Labeling Theory (Becker, 1963) provide a socio-legal perspective on incarceration and reintegration challenges. Method: The study employed a qualitative research design, using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with four incarcerated mothers (Persons Deprived of Liberty, PDLs) in Bulacan Provincial Jail. Purposive sampling was used to select participants, ensuring rich, experience-based narratives. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns related to emotional distress, parent-child separation, and gaps in institutional support. Results and Discussion: Findings reveal that maternal incarceration results in severe psychological distress, particularly due to disrupted maternal roles and child behavioral shifts. Furthermore, limited family preservation programs and reintegration planning exacerbate social and economic vulnerabilities post-incarceration. These results underscore the need for structured mental health interventions, flexible visitation policies, and gender-sensitive rehabilitation programs. Research Implications: The study highlights the urgent need for policy reforms aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-Being, SDG 5 – Gender Equality, SDG 10 – Reduced Inequalities, and SDG 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Strengthening mental health services, implementing family-centered rehabilitation programs, and developing comprehensive reintegration strategies can improve outcomes for incarcerated mothers and their children. Originality/Value: This study contributes to criminological and social welfare literature by providing localized, qualitative insights into the experiences of Filipino incarcerated mothers, an area with limited prior research. The findings offer practical recommendations for correctional institutions, policymakers, and social workers in designing more humane and rehabilitative prison policies that promote family well-being and successful reintegration.