Analysis of Typical Inclusion Evolution and Formation Mechanism in the Smelting Process of W350 Non-Oriented Silicon Steel

The production of silicon steel involves complex metallurgical processes, where the kind, composition, size, and quantity of the inclusions generated affect the silicon steel properties. This article is based on the smelting process for W350 non-oriented silicon steel produced by a certain factory. By systematically sampling, at key nodes of the converter-RH refining-tundish smelting process, the change in cleanliness of molten steel in the whole smelting process, the evolution of typical inclusions, and the transformation rules for the precipitated phase were analyzed by means of SEM-EDS, ASPEX, and Thermal-Calc. The results indicate that the total oxygen mass fraction in the steel decreases by more than 95% after deoxidation alloying, and the average oxygen mass fraction in the RH outbound steel is 0.0012%. While the nitrogen mass fraction shows a rising trend as a whole, the average nitrogen mass fraction in the tundish steel reaches approximately 0.0014%. Before RH refining, large Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂ and Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂-MgO composite inclusions are the main inclusions. MnO and Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MnO inclusions are the main inclusions after RH inlet and RH decarburization. After RH deoxidation with aluminum, the inclusions were almost entirely transformed into Al₂O₃ inclusions. After RH alloying, with the content of Si and Mn increased, the inclusions transformed into Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MnO inclusions. The number of inclusions from RH desulfurization to the RH outbound stage declined significantly, and composite inclusions containing CaS and precipitates such as AlN and MnS began to appear. The inclusions' main types were Al₂O₃-MgO-CaS, AlN-MnS, AlN, and Al₂O₃-MgO. The inclusions inside the tundish were the same, but the numbers were slightly increased due to the secondary oxidation of molten steel. More than 80% of the oxide inclusions in the whole process were between 1 μm and 5 μm in size. The average size and the number of inclusions per unit area reached 5.45 μm and 63.1 per mm², respectively, after RH deoxidation, and respectively decreased to 3.71 μm and 1.9 per mm² during the RH outbound stage, but both increased slightly in the tundish. Thermodynamic calculation shows that Al₂O₃-MgO inclusions are formed when <i>w</i>([Mg]) > 0.0033% in molten steel at 1873 K. Under the actual temperature of 1828K and <i>w</i>([Al]s) = 0.6515%, the range of <i>w</i>([Mg]) corresponding to the stable existence of Al₂O₃-MgO is between 0.0053% and 0.1676%. The liquidus temperature of W350 non-oriented silicon steel is 1489 °C. MnS and AlN inclusions are precipitated successively with the solidification of molten steel, and the precipitation temperatures are 1460.7 °C and 1422.2 °C, respectively. As the temperature decreases, the sequence of inclusion precipitation calculated in liquid was as follows: Al₂O₃-CaO → 2Al₂O₃-CaO + MnS → 6Al₂O₃-CaO → Al₂O₃ + AlN + MnS + CaS.