Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor for Acetaminophen Determination Based on Ternary Composite (Fe₂O₃ @ rGO/CNF) Hybrid Modified Electrode

Acetaminophen (AAP), also known as paracetamol, is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic for pain and fever. However, excessive consumption can cause severe liver damage and various health issues, highlighting the need for reliable detection methods in biological samples. This study developed a composite of Fe 2 O 3 @rGO/CNF utilizing ultrasonic techniques to accurately detect AAP, given its potential harmful effects on the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. The formation of the composite was confirmed using various techniques including XRD, XPS, SEM, EDX, and TEM analysis. The formation of nanocomposites was enhanced by the uniform distribution of spherical particles on the rGO sheets, which increased their surface area. Furthermore, the incorporation of rGO, CNF, and Fe 2 O 3 significantly enhanced the composite’s electrochemical performance and catalytic properties. EIS analysis of the Fe 2 O 3 @rGO/CNF-modified GCE showed a reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to the unmodified electrode. Furthermore, the Fe 2 O 3 @rGO/CNF/GCE was utilized for the analysis of AAP through DPV method, highlighting its effectiveness in the electrochemical characterization of the compound. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, wide linear detection range (0.05 μM–395 μM), and low detection threshold (6.4 nM), making it suitable for real-time applications. This sensor demonstrated remarkable efficiency in identifying AAP in pharmaceutical samples.