New Insights Into the Production and Exchange of Late Bronze Age Kam Axes: Application of 3d View Technologies

The production and distribution of the so-called KAM axes has been the subject of much discussion in Bronze Age research. The origins and technological sources of KAM axe production remain still unknown. KAM axes are characterized by long necks, a decoration matrix consisting of a number of raised horizontal lines that are looped and crosscut by one or more vertical lines. However, there are several subtypes of KAM axes, the existence of which contradicts the hypothesis about uniform axe distribution across the vast region between Central Sweden and the Volga-Kama region. Indeed, the rich assemblage of clay casting molds found in the Late Bronze Age fortified settlements in the Eastern Baltic region reveals that KAM axes were available in different sizes and shapes even if they appear to be uniform at the first glance. This paper presents the results of reconstructing clay casting molds through 3D laser scanning and postprocessing to (1) release a much more accurate view of molds and decoration patterns of the axes; (2) provide a comparison of axe parameters from the Eastern Baltic, Scandinavia, and the Volga-Kama regions, (3) further inquire about local and foreign productions; and (4) ascertain the significance of the decoration matrix as a communication code in the Late Bronze Age exchange and trade.