From Unprintable Peptidic Gel to Unstoppable: Transforming Diphenylalanine Peptide (Fmoc-FF) Nanowires and Cellulose Nanofibrils into a High-Performance Biobased Gel for 3D Printing

The growing interest in gel-based additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) gel-printing technology, for research underscores the crucial need to develop robust biobased materials with excellent printing quality and reproducibility. The main focus of this study is to prepare and characterize some composite gels obtained with a low-molecular-weight gelling (LMWG) peptide called Fmoc-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) and two types of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The so-called Fmoc-FF peptide has the ability to self-assemble into a nanowire shape and therefore create an organized network that induces the formation of a gel. Despite their ease of preparation and potential use in biological systems, unfortunately, those Fmoc-FF nanowire gel systems cannot be 3D printed due to the high stiffness of the gel. For this reason, this study focuses on composite materials made of cellulose nanofibrils and Fmoc-FF nanowires, with the main objective being that the composite gels will be suitable for 3D printing applications. Two types of cellulose nanofibrils are employed in this study: (1) unmodified pristine cellulose nanofibrils (uCNF) and (2) chemically modified cellulose nanofibrils, which ones have been grafted with polymers containing the Fmoc unit on their backbone (CNF-<i>g</i>-Fmoc). The obtained products were characterized through solid-state cross-polarization magic angle-spinning ¹H NMR and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Within these two CNF structures, two composite gels were produced: uCNF/Fmoc-FF and CNF-<i>g</i>-Fmoc/Fmoc-FF. The mechanical properties and printability of the composites are assessed using rheology and challenging 3D object printing. With the addition of water, different properties of the gels were observed. In this instance, CNF-<i>g</i>-Fmoc/Fmoc-FF (<i>c</i> = 5.1%) was selected as the most suitable option within this product range. For the composite bearing uCNF, exceptional print quality and mechanical properties are achieved with the CNF/Fmoc-FF gel (<i>c</i> = 5.1%). The structures are characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements.