Research on crack development in rock with prefabricated holes based on various constitutive models

Under external loading, progressive damage caused by internal defects in rocks is the primary reason for rock failure. This paper establishes a numerical model for rock specimens containing prefabricated holes, compares the crack development patterns of rock specimens with different constitutive relationships, and analyzes the differences in crack development between the Von Mises and Drucker-Prager constitutive relations, comparing these with actual results. The research results show that: (1) Both constitutive models exhibit stress concentration and failure at the tips of pre-set cracks. (2) Cracks in both models first extend perpendicularly from the pre-set cracks and then vertically, with symmetrical cracks at both ends. (3) Both models develop vertical cracks through the sample from the tips of the pre-set cracks, but the vertical cracks differ between the models. (4) The vertical crack at the upper end of the Von Mises model is closer to the specimen's failure, while the vertical cracks at the lower end of both models are less aligned with the specimen's failure.