Reconfigurable and Multiband Graphene THz Antenna Design Optimized Using Machine Learning

This study investigates the concept of multiband graphene THz antennas. We investigate the advantages of graphene in THz antenna applications with standard materials. Using a graphene strip, we built a multiband GSSPlp-MIMO antenna in this study that achieves triple operating frequencies of 7.64 THz, 9.57 THz, and 10.90 THz. The reflection response (S<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf>) of -29.2135 dB, which shows excellent signal confinement within the antenna, was greatly improved upon the inclusion of graphene. Superior impedance matching was the trade-off for this, even if the gain decreased slightly (10.41 dB) in comparison to the antenna without graphene (12.30 dB). The parameters are optimized using machine learning, yielding a maximum accuracy (R2) of 0.996622 and a mean square error of 5.3934 ×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup>. This indicates that high-performance terahertz antennas that balance gain and effective signal transmission can be designed using graphene. The antenna's capacity to handle multiple bands makes it ideal for future ultra-broadband wireless communication systems. This results in higher data transfer rates and supports emerging technologies such as 6G and beyond.