Epidemiology; risk factors and prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease and obesity in Pakistan

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past several decades, while CVD-related deaths have declined in high-income countries, they have significantly increased in low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan, which bears nearly 80% of the global burden. Obesity, a key modifiable risk factor for CVDs, has emerged as a serious public health challenge in Pakistan due to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and lack of awareness. Despite the growing prevalence of obesity and its strong association with cardiovascular diseases, minimal attention has been given to preventive strategies in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. Additionally, economic and political instability further exacerbates the rising trends of CVDs and obesity in the country. Practical efforts are required to enhance the understanding of risk factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use while promoting obesity prevention through targeted interventions. This paper reviews the major modifiable risk factors in Pakistan, highlights available preventive services, and discusses evidence-based strategies for reducing the burden of both cardiovascular diseases and obesity at the population level.