The Constitutionality of Defamation Provisions in Law No. 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) Following Constitutional Court Decision No. 78/PUU-XXI/2023

Criminal defamation in Indonesia often sparks controversy, particularly regarding individual dignity and freedom of expression—both essential human rights. Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) includes provisions aimed at protecting dignity and public order, with penalties for defamation of individuals and officials. However, critics argue these measures risk suppressing legitimate criticism and restricting democratic freedoms, potentially conflicting with the 1945 Constitution. Following Constitutional Court Decision No. 78/PUU-XXI/2023, emphasis has been placed on clear, proportional limitations to prevent misuse. This research stresses the need for unambiguous criminal law norms to prevent overly broad interpretation, thereby protecting human rights and ensuring fair law enforcement.