The rise of 3D bioprinting: from organs to personalized medicine

Bioprinting has emerged as a groundbreaking technology in the realms of organ transplantation and regenerative medicine, addressing critical challenges such as organ shortages and tissue repair. This review explores the technological advancements and innovations in bioprinting, highlighting state-of-the-art techniques, bioinks, and applications in tissue engineering. Key milestones in printing functional tissues, including vascularized and transplantable organ prototypes, are discussed alongside the role of bioprinting in personalized medicine, where patient-oriented models are revolutionizing drug testing and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, this article examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with bioprinting, offering insights into its future potential to transform global healthcare.