Innovative Thermal Stabilization Methods for Expansive Soils: Mechanisms, Applications, and Sustainable Solutions

The thermal stabilization of expansive soils has emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical stabilization methods, addressing the long-standing challenges associated with soil swelling and shrinkage. This review critically evaluates the mechanisms, applications, and advancements in thermal stabilization techniques, with a particular focus on both traditional approaches (e.g., kiln heating) and emerging innovations such as microwave heating. This study synthesizes recent research findings to assess how thermal treatment modifies the mineralogical, physical, and mechanical properties of expansive soils, reducing their plasticity and improving their strength characteristics. Comparative analysis highlights the advantages, limitations, and sustainability implications of different thermal methods, considering factors such as energy efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact. While thermal stabilization offers a viable alternative to chemical treatments, key challenges remain regarding cost, field implementation, and long-term performance validation. The integration of thermal treatment with complementary techniques, such as lime stabilization, is explored as a means to enhance soil stability while minimizing environmental impact. By addressing critical research gaps and providing a comprehensive perspective on the future potential of thermal stabilization, this review contributes valuable insights for researchers and engineers seeking innovative and sustainable solutions for managing expansive soils.