An Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer with a Hybrid Energy Storage System and Its Sustainable Optimization

This study was conducted to achieve simple and feasible secondary-side independent power control for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and to minimize the power loss introduced by the added converter. We propose a novel operation mode tailored to a WPT system with a HESS load composed of an LCC-compensated WPT system and a Buck/Boost bidirectional converter. Its power control is based on insights into the characteristics of LCC–LCC compensation. Since this control method requires the cooperation of a DC converter, control of the converter’s efficiency is the focus of this paper. Building on this framework, several parasitic parameters such as the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of inductors and switches are taken into account. An improved operation mode is proposed to address the efficiency degradation and control imbalance caused by ESR. By meticulously controlling the behavior of the components of the converter, the devices operate in zero-voltage switching (ZVS) mode, thereby reducing switching losses. Additionally, fuzzy control is utilized in this study to enhance robustness. The analyses are verified through a prototype system. The results of the experiments illustrate that the analytical approach proposed in this study achieves reliable power control and efficient converter operation. The results of this study show that the efficiency of the devices is improved and reached up to 99% with the converter. This study explores the efficiency optimization of the WPT system, which directly supports sustainable practices by reducing resource consumption and minimizing environmental impact. The findings offer valuable insights into sustainable applications and policy implications, aligning with the goals of socio-economic and environmental sustainability.