Optimizing bio-hydrogen production from agri-waste: A digital twin approach for sustainable supply chain management and carbon neutrality

• Biohydrogen production from agri-waste offers a clean alternative to fossil fuel production. • This study addresses the gaps in the understanding of biohydrogen production from agricultural residues. • The experimental setup included 72 farms for greenfield analysis, network optimization, and risk evaluation. • The results show significant potential for biohydrogen production with substantial social savings. • The findings support India Sustainable Development Goals and Paris Agreement aspirations. This study addresses the intersection of renewable energy and the circular economy by exploring an underutilized resource, namely, biohydrogen production from agricultural residues. In transitioning to sustainable resource utilization and carbon neutrality, existing gaps include inefficient supply chains and limited technological adoption. Our research adopts a digital twin framework to optimize supply chain logistics for biohydrogen production, supported by greenfield analysis, Monte Carlo simulations, and network optimization. The results point to significant socio-economic and environmental benefits, including an estimated 34.54 billion dollars in annual social savings. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, technology developers, and investors aiming to foster industrial decarbonization within circular supply chains.