Miniaturized 2-bit reconfigurable metasurface for real-time EM wave manipulation

This paper introduces a novel design for a miniaturized 2-bit reconfigurable metasurface featuring a phase-shifting integrated structure. The design strategically locates the phase-shifting network beneath the metasurface element, enabling a decoupled architecture that separates the radiation and phase-shifting functionalities, which significantly reduces the design complexity. The 2-bit reconfigurable metasurface incorporates a meander line configuration, significantly enhancing space utilization by reducing the overall volume of the metasurface element. Operating within the 4.75 GHz to 5.75 GHz frequency range, the metasurface achieves element state reconfiguration through the on-off switching of PIN diodes. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is employed to provide precise bias voltages to the diodes, enabling dynamic control of each element of the metasurface. The 2-bit design supports four distinct phase states, with a 90° phase difference between adjacent states, facilitating advanced functionalities such as beam deflection and radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the metasurface's effectiveness in controlling electromagnetic wave deflection and diffusion, validating its potential for applications in wavefront manipulation and stealth technologies.