Adapting security and decentralized knowledge enhancement in federated learning using blockchain technology: literature review

Abstract Federated Learning (FL) is a promising form of distributed machine learning that preserves privacy by training models locally without sharing raw data. While FL ensures data privacy through collaborative learning, it faces several critical challenges. These include vulnerabilities to reverse engineering, risks to model architecture privacy, susceptibility to model poisoning attacks, threats to data integrity, and the high costs associated with communication and connectivity. This paper presents a comprehensive review of FL, categorizing data partitioning formats into horizontal federated learning, vertical federated learning, and federated transfer learning. Furthermore, it explores the integration of FL with blockchain, leveraging blockchain’s decentralized nature to enhance FL’s security, reliability, and performance. The study reviews existing FL models, identifying key challenges such as privacy risks, communication overhead, model poisoning vulnerabilities, and ethical dilemmas. It evaluates privacy-preserving mechanisms and security strategies in FL, particularly those enabled by blockchain, such as cryptographic methods, decentralized consensus protocols, and tamper-proof data logging. Additionally, the research analyzes regulatory and ethical considerations for adopting blockchain-based FL solutions. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of blockchain in addressing FL challenges, particularly in mitigating model poisoning, ensuring data integrity, and reducing communication costs. The paper concludes with future directions for integrating blockchain and FL, emphasizing areas such as interoperability, lightweight consensus mechanisms, and regulatory compliance.