Renewable activated carbon from wood-based gasification char: A comprehensive study on physical activation

• Wood-based gasification char (287m 2 /g) upgraded to activated carbon (812 m 2 /g) • Porosity and micropollutant adsorption properties optimised via DoE • Optimum for H 2 O (750 °C, 20 min) and CO 2 activation (817 °C, 16.2 min) identified • Short residence times and yield focus enable industrial potential • Potential of surpassing adsorption capacity of commercial activated carbon Wood gasification produces gasification char (GC), a carbonaceous by-product with limited sustainable valorisation strategies. The physical activation of wood-based GC as a precursor has received insufficient attention, likely due to the inherent challenges associated with the precursor, namely its soft skeleton, high degree of graphitisation, ash content, and reduced porosity. This study investigates methods to enhance the porosity and adsorption properties of renewable activated carbon (AC) derived from GC while maximising yield using a Design of Experiments approach. Yield-oriented porosity optimisation revealed that mild H 2 O activation ( ⩽ 750°C, ⩾ 20min) was the most effective, followed by CO 2 activation at 817°C and 16.2min. The AC with the highest overall porosity was produced by sequential activation, leveraging the high surface area obtained from H 2 O activation (812m 2 /g) and the high micropore fraction from CO 2 activation (49.3vol%). In micropollutant adsorption assays, this AC (maximum adsorption capacity q max for metoprolol: 89.9 mg / g ) partially outperformed commercial AC ( 89.1 mg / g ). We found that the utilisation of GC for AC production represents a fundamentally distinct starting point when compared to previously employed precursors, as evidenced by significantly reduced activation times and temperatures. This study provides valuable insights for the efficient conversion of GC into high-value AC, a pathway of significant interest for industrial applications.