Boundary behavior of compact manifolds with scalar curvature lower bounds and static quasi-local mass of tori

A classic result of Shi and Tam states that a 2-sphere of positive Gauss and mean curvature bounding a compact 3-manifold with nonnegative scalar curvature must have total mean curvature not greater than that of the isometric embedding into Euclidean 3-space, with equality only for domains in this reference manifold. We generalize this result to 2-tori of Gauss curvature greater than <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="negative 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">-1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , which bound a compact 3-manifold having scalar curvature not less than <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="negative 6"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">-6</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and at least one other boundary component satisfying a ‘trapping condition’. The conclusion is that the total weighted mean curvature is not greater than that of an isometric embedding into the Kottler manifold, with equality only for domains in this space. Examples are given to show that the assumption of a secondary boundary component cannot be removed. The result gives a positive mass theorem for the static Brown-York mass of tori, in analogy to the Shi-Tam positivity of the standard Brown-York mass, and represents the first such quasi-local mass positivity result for nonspherical surfaces. Furthermore, we prove a Penrose-type inequality in this setting.