Proposal of cognitive bias (CB)-incorporated SHEL model to prevent disasters or crashes based on analyses of organisational failures in risk and crisis management in the Fukushima Daiichi disaster

This study demonstrated that cognitive biases contributed to inappropriate interactions between liveware (L) and software (S), hardware (H), environment (E), or liveware (L), leading to the risk-taking decision and the organisational failures in risk and crisis management that caused the Fukushima Daiichi disaster. The validity of the model's inclusion of cognitive biases in other crashes or disasters was further confirmed by analysing 191 cases of crashes or disasters. As a lesson that we should learn from the Fukushima Daiichi disaster on how to prevent a future disaster, we proposed a cognitive bias (CB)-incorporated SHEL model for the prevention of crashes or disasters from the viewpoints of inadequate interactions between liveware and software, hardware, environment, or liveware resulting from cognitive biases.