Tracking the Seismic Deformation of Himalayan Glaciers Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry

The Himalayan belt, formed due to the Cenozoic convergence between the Eurasian and Indian craton, acts as a storehouse of large amounts of strain, resulting in large earthquakes from the Western to the Eastern Himalayas. Glaciers also occur over a major portion of the high-altitude Himalayan region. The impact of earthquakes can be easily studied in the plains and plateaus with the help of well-distributed seismogram networks and these regions’ accessibility is helpful for field- and lab-based studies. However, earthquakes triggered close to high-altitude Himalayan glaciers are tough to investigate for the impact over glaciers and glacial deposits. In this study, we attempt to understand the impact of earthquakes on and around Himalayan glaciers in terms of vertical displacement and coherence change using space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Eight earthquake events of various magnitudes and hypocenter depths occurring in the vicinity of Himalayan glacial bodies were studied using C-band Sentinel1-A/B SAR data. Differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) analysis is applied to capture deformation of the glacial surface potentially related to earthquake occurrence. Glacial displacement varies from −38.9 mm to −5.4 mm for the 2020 Tibet earthquake (Mw 5.7) and the 2021 Nepal earthquake (Mw 4.1). However, small glacial and ground patches processed separately for vertical displacements reveal that the glacial mass shows much greater seismic displacement than the ground surface. This indicates the possibility of the presence of potential site-specific seismicity amplification properties within glacial bodies. A reduction in co-seismic coherence around the glaciers is observed in some cases, indicative of possible changes in the glacial moraine deposits and/or vegetation cover. The effect of two different seismic events (the 2020 and 2021 Nepal earthquakes) with different hypocenter depths but with the same magnitude at almost equal distances from the glaciers is assessed; a shallow earthquake is observed to result in a larger impact on glacial bodies in terms of vertical displacement. Earthquakes may induce glacial hazards such as glacial surging, ice avalanches, and the failure of moraine-/ice-dammed glacial lakes. This research may be able to play a possible role in identifying areas at risk and provide valuable insights for the planning and implementation of measures for disaster risk reduction.