Optimizing rangeland use: Forage selection and grazing patterns of Nguni and Bonsmara cattle across traditional and commercial systems

This study examined the grazing dynamics of Nguni and Bonsmara cattle across traditional communal and commercial ranching systems in semi-arid South Africa. Eighty cattle (<i>n</i> = 20 per breed and management system) were monitored over 12 months to assess grazing behavior, forage selection, and environmental interactions. Data collection involved direct behavioral observations, GPS tracking of movement patterns, and forage quality assessments across seasons. Significant breed-specific differences were observed, with Nguni cattle exhibiting longer grazing durations (<i>p</i> = 0.02), higher step rates (<i>p</i> = 0.03), and broader dietary flexibility (<i>p</i> = 0.04) in communal systems, enabling efficient utilization of lower-quality forage. Conversely, Bonsmara cattle, optimized for commercial production, displayed a preference for high-quality forage and engaged in shorter, more concentrated grazing bouts (<i>p</i> = 0.01), leading to superior weight gain (<i>p</i> = 0.03) in nutrient-rich pastures. Seasonal fluctuations significantly influenced grazing behavior, with reduced forage availability during the dry season disproportionately affecting Bonsmara cattle in communal areas (<i>p</i> = 0.02). These findings underscore the importance of breed selection and adaptive grazing management for optimizing livestock productivity and sustainability across diverse agroecological systems.