Revisiting Holographic Dark Energy from the Perspective of Multi-Messenger Gravitational Wave Astronomy: Future Joint Observations with Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

The advent of third-generation (3G) gravitational-wave (GW) detectors opens new opportunities for multi-messenger observations of binary neutron star merger events, holding significant potential for probing the history of cosmic expansion. In this paper, we investigate the holographic dark energy (HDE) model by using the future GW standard siren data observed from the 3G GW detectors and the short γ-ray burst THESEUS-like detector joint observations. We find that GW data alone can achieve a relatively precise estimation of the Hubble constant, with precision of 0.2–0.6%, but its ability to constrain other cosmological parameters remains limited. Nonetheless, since the GW data can break parameter degeneracies generated by the mainstream EM observations, CMB + BAO + SN (CBS), GW standard sirens play a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of parameter estimation. With the addition of GW data to CBS, the constraints on cosmological parameters H0, c and Ωm can be improved by 63–88%, 27–44% and 55–70%. In summary, observations of GW standard sirens from 3G GW detectors could be pivotal in probing the fundamental nature of dark energy.