From risk factors to treatment: a holistic approach to managing bruxism

Introduction and purpose Bruxism, characterized by involuntary clenching or grinding of teeth, affects individuals across all age groups, often leading to significant oral health complications and diminished quality of life. While its etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, psychological, and physiological factors, the management of bruxism remains challenging due to the variability in its presentation. This study aims to characterize bruxism and evaluate various therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological treatments, botulinum toxin injections, occlusal splints, and non-invasive methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), biofeedback therapy (BFT), and physiotherapy. Materials and methods A comprehensive review of recent clinical trials and studies was conducted, focusing on the efficacy, safety, and limitations of both invasive and non-invasive interventions. State of knowledge Botulinum toxin injections and dry needling demonstrated significant efficacy, though their effects were temporary. Non-invasive therapies, including CBT and BFT, were noted for their safety but showed limited effectiveness. Combining sleep hygiene with mindfulness practices produced promising results, particularly in children. Physiotherapeutic methods, such as manual therapy and home exercises, helped alleviate muscle tension and pain. Conclusions While bruxism management has advanced with diverse treatment options, challenges persist, particularly concerning the durability of effects and patient compliance. A multidisciplinary approach integrating psychological, physical, and pharmacological strategies appears essential for optimal outcomes. Further research is needed to refine therapies and establish long-term efficacy.