Methemoglobinemia : Clinical Perspective, Managements and Cases Review

Methemoglobinemia is rare disorder caused by the oxidation of hemoglobin’s iron from ferrous (fe2+) to ferric (fe3+), impairing oxygen transport and causing hypoxia. It is classified as heredietary or acquired. Hereditary forms result from NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase deficiencies or Hemoglobin M disease, while acquired cases are due to oxidizing agents, drugs or toxins. Symptoms ranges from mild cyanosis (1-10% methemoglobin) to life threatening effects (>70%). Diagnosis has advanced with tools like multiwawelength pulse oximetry, arterial bood gas analysis, and genetic testing. Treatment varies with severity including methylene blue, ascorbic acid and discontinuation of causative agent. Infants are particularly at risk due to immature enzyme systems. This review highlights the pathophysiology, risk factors, advanced diagnostic and management strategies of methemoglobinemia, along with a case demonstrating successful intervension .