Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment Patterns in Patients with Testicular Tumor: A Single Hospital-Based Study

Background: Testicular cancer (TC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies that develops in young adult males aged 15–40 years. This study aimed to assess and evaluate the prevalence, incidence, clinical symptoms, and management of TC in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Methods and Results: This retrospective study was conducted at King Fahad Specialist Hospital in Buraidah, Qasim Region, Saudi Arabia. The study population comprised 14 patients diagnosed with TC between October 2017 and July 2024, with complete medical records. Most patients (64.3%) were aged between 20 and 30 years. All patients exhibited symptoms, primarily testicular swelling (42.9%) or a combination of testicular swelling and pain (28.6%). Seminoma was the most prevalent histological type (64.3%), with lesions more frequently located in the right testicle (57.1%) and most tumors measuring ≤4 cm (85.7%). Concerning tumor markers, half of the patients exhibited elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) levels (50%). In contrast, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were elevated in fewer cases (21.4% and 35.7%, respectively). Most patients presented with early-stage tumors—T1a (28.6%), T1b (35.7%), and T2 (28.6%), the predominant stages observed. Lymph node involvement was minimal, with a significant portion classified as N0 (71.4%), while a smaller group exhibited N2 involvement (21.4%). Notably, none of the patients demonstrated distant metastasis (M0). A substantial proportion of patients received adjuvant treatment (92.9%), and the primary surgical approach employed was open radical inguinal orchiectomy (78.6%). Nearly all patients completed their therapy (92.9%), with follow-up durations predominantly within one year (57.1%) or extending to 1–3 years (35.7%). There were no recorded cases of recurrence. Sperm cryopreservation was done for 5(36.7%) patients. Conclusion: The study findings highlighted testicular swelling as the most common presenting symptom, with seminoma being the predominant subtype. Notably, the right testicle was more frequently affected, and elevated ß-hCG levels were observed as a common biomarker for TC.