Switchable scalar and vectorial vortex laser based on dynamically controlled integrated liquid crystal and dielectric metasurface

Abstract Cylindrical vector beams (CVBs) represent a prominent application mode characterized by cylindrically symmetric intensity distributions. In particular, vectorial vortex beams with spatially continuously varying polarization states have garnered significant research attention due to their unique ability to manipulate matter through innovative interaction mechanisms. To generate switchable scalar orbital angular momentum (OAM) and CVB lasers using integrated devices, metasurfaces with liquid crystals (LCs) have emerged as a promising integrated platform with substantial implications for nanophotonics and optical field modulation. The device enables precise control of scalar vortex beams using silicon antennas in a horizontal polarization state. Simultaneously, the orientation of LC molecules can be dynamically switched on or off to form OAM beams in the vertical polarization state, leveraging the polarization-sensitive modulation characteristics of nematic LCs. This approach facilitates two distinct operational modes. First, compensating for the horizontal polarization phase of the silicon antenna to produce a scalar linearly polarized laser, and second, generating vertically polarized vortex light to create a cylindrical vector laser. Our study demonstrates a practical methodology for harnessing switchable scalar OAM and CVB lasers with high-speed responsiveness and exceptional spatial mode diversity. The proposed technique holds considerable potential for advanced applications in 3D optical trapping, communications, holography and related interdisciplinary fields.