A novel malaria mathematical model: integrating vector and non-vector transmission pathways

Combining vaccination efforts with robust vector control, improved healthcare practices, and stringent non-vector transmission prevention measures is essential to effectively reduce malaria transmission. Sustained interventions, including improved blood screening and safe medical practices, are necessary to prevent malaria resurgence, particularly in high-transmission settings. This model provides valuable insights into malaria dynamics and offers a framework for designing more effective public health policies and strategies for malaria eradication.