Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in restoring spermatogenesis in men using non-prescribed androgens: a retrospective analysis of real-world data

Human chorionic gonadotropin appears to be effective in improving spermatogenesis in the majority of men who continue non-prescribed androgen use, whereas some men remain oligospermic or azoospermic. These findings support the cautious inclusion of hCG in harm reduction strategies, while emphasizing the need for further research and individualized counseling.