Shigellosis: A Comprehensive Review: History, Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Cause for the Disease, Diagnosis, Transmission, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention Measures

Shigellosis, caused by the bacterium of the genus Shigella, is a significant global public health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in low-resource settings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of shigellosis, encompassing its historical context, clinical manifestations, underlying pathophysiology, and factors contributing to its emergence and spread. The disease primarily manifests with symptoms ranging from mild diarrhoea to severe dysentery, often accompanied by fever and abdominal cramps. Shigella bacteria invade the lining of the intestines, causing inflammation and disrupting normal gastrointestinal function. The disease is predominantly transmitted through faecal-oral routes, emphasising the critical importance of sanitation and hygiene measures in prevention. Epidemiologically, shigellosis exhibits a wide global distribution, with higher incidences observed in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitationfacilities. Prompt diagnosis via stool culture or molecular techniques is essential for effective treatment and public health surveillance. Althoughvarious antibiotics are available for treatment, rising antibiotic resistanceposes a growing challenge. Vaccination presents a promising avenue forshigellosis prevention; however, the development of an effective andwidely accessible vaccine remains a priority. The review also addressespractical considerations such as vaccine pricing and safety, particularlyin pregnancy. Understanding the nuances of shigellosis, including itshistorical context, clinical presentation, and prevention strategies,is pivotal in guiding healthcare interventions and policy decisions tomitigate its impact on global health. How to cite this article:Rajappa M C, Susai J K, Solomom G G, Kanta JA H, Vezhaventhan V, Palanivel P. Shigellosis:A Comprehensive Review: History, Symptoms,Pathophysiology, Cause for the Disease,Diagnosis, Transmission, Epidemiology,Treatment, and Prevention Measures. J CommunDis. 2024;56(4):86-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202475