Mycogenic synthesis of different nanoparticles by endophytic fungi hosted higher plants

Nanotechnology is a field that studies matter at the atomic and molecular scale, dealing with matter at the 1 billionth (i.e., 10−9 m = 1 nm) of a meter scale. A nanoparticle is the fundamental component in nanostructure fabrication, smaller than everyday objects but larger than atoms or simple molecules. Nanoparticles, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size, possess unique physical and chemical properties compared to bulk metals. These properties, such as lower melting points, higher surface areas, optical properties, mechanical strengths, and magnetizations, make them attractive for various industrial applications. However, the definition of nanoparticles and nanomaterials varies depending on the specific application. In this review we will discuss the synthesis of nanoparticles by endophytic fungi hosted plant, the mechanism of the synthesis process and the application of nanoparticles in our daily life.