Moldy Homes, Moldy Health: Understanding the Overlooked Link Between Indoor Spores and Public Health

Abstract Background: Residential mold exposure represents an underrecognized public health challenge with significant health and economic implications. Despite growing evidence linking indoor mold to respiratory diseases, regulatory frameworks remain inadequate. Objectives: This review aims to (1) assess the current evidence on health effects of residential mold exposure; (2) evaluate the economic impact on healthcare systems; (3) analyze existing regulatory approaches; and (4) propose comprehensive interventions to address this public health concern. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies published between 2007 and 2023 addressing residential mold exposure, health outcomes, economic impacts, and regulatory frameworks were included. The search yielded 87 relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Evidence consistently demonstrates that residential mold exposure increases respiratory illness risk by 30-50%, with children showing particular vulnerability to severe respiratory infections. Approximately 21% of current asthma cases in the United States are attributable to damp environments. Healthcare costs associated with mold-related illnesses create substantial economic burden through increased medical services utilization, while regulatory frameworks remain fragmented and insufficiently proactive. Conclusions: Addressing residential mold exposure requires multifaceted interventions including enhanced detection methods, improved understanding of mold-health relationships, cost-effective remediation techniques, preventive building practices, and clear regulatory frameworks. Coordinated efforts across healthcare, housing, and public health sectors are essential to mitigate this significant public health challenge.