Phytochemical Profiling, Bioactive Potential and In Silico Analysis of <i>Kydia calycina</i> Roxb. Leaf Extracts

Kydia calycina Roxb. has therapeutic properties, and it cures boils, skin infections, arthritis, ulcers, jaundice and lumbago. The leaf sample was extracted using methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical analyses, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticancer assays were performed. The effect of K. calycina leaf extract on the germination of radish and amaranth seeds was determined. The HRLC-MS analysis revealed that the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed the presence of 46, 64 and 44 compounds, respectively. The ethanolic extract of K. calycina leaf exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging (IC₅₀ value = 28.37 ± 0.03 µg/mL), phosphomolybdenum reduction (IC₅₀ value = 62.11 ± 0.14 µg/mL), anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ value = 60.38 ± 0.47 µg/mL), α-amylase inhibition (IC₅₀ value = 63.94 ± 0.55 µg/mL), α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ value = 25.54 ± 0.38 µg/mL) and antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to the other extracts. The ethyl acetate extract showed cytotoxicity towards A549 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 22.06 ± 0.9 µg/mL. The germination percentage for radish and amaranth seeds were 63.33% ± 0.2% and 76.66% ± 0.1%, respectively. The in silico studies showed the binding affinity of the phytocompounds towards the protein targets for antibacterial, antidiabetic and anticancer activity.