Delineating the controlling mechanisms of geothermal waters quality and suitability zoning in the Lower Yellow River Basin, China

In the context of global low-carbon development, the exploitation and utilization of geothermal waters has attracted widespread attention. Geothermal water quality evolution and associated risk assessment have important practical significance for ensuring safe water use and sustainable development. However, traditional geothermal water assessments do not take into account the uncertainties in the different types of use and water quality evolution. To overcome this limitation, this study analyze the hydrogeochemistry characteristics of geothermal waters, reveal its control mechanisms, assess suitability zoning and associated health risks through high-density sampling in the Lower Yellow River Basin (LYRB), Shandong Province. The results show that the physical and hydrogeochemistry characteristics of geothermal waters exhibit large spatial variation at different temperatures, and 93.7% of samples meet the standard for physiotherapeutic use of geothermal waters in China. The geothermal water samples at 0-50 ℃ are mainly of SO 4 ·Cl–Ca·Mg type, while the samples above 50 °C are mainly of SO 4 ·Cl-Na type. The water temperatures have a strong positive correlation with TDS. The main recharge source of geothermal waters is atmospheric precipitation, and the hydrogeochemical characteristics are mainly controlled by the dissolution of salt rocks, silicates, sulfate minerals and cation exchange. The enrichment and spatial distribution of unconventional components are affected by the development degree of geothermal waters. The geothermal water quality index ( GWQI ) in Poor and Extremely poor areas range of 50% in the LYRB, mainly affected by I - and Cl - . Finally, the suitability zoning of geothermal waters for different types of use is divided, and suggestions for scientific exploitation of geothermal waters is put forward. These results provide theoretical basis for the scientific management, suitability evaluation and health risk assessment of geothermal waters in geothermal waters enrichment areas. • Hydrogeochemical characteristics of geothermal waters based on high-resolution sampling • Geothermal water quality assessment and index effective weight determination • Different types of geothermal water suitability and health risk assessment • Hydrogeochemical characteristics of geothermal waters show great spatial differences