Education for ethical STEM: Scientific social responsibility and public policy

This article reviews and reflects on the role of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by highlighting the importance of scientific social responsibility (SSR) and its implications to ethical education and public policy making. With special reference to artificial intelligence (AI) and biomedical technology, it argues that the development of a keen awareness and ethical standards has become a pressing need for research and educational institutions. Selected country cases are reviewed as examples to show the "state of the art" and indicate the complexity of major issues involved. The role of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in promoting AI ethics is illuminated. Education for ethical STEM as well as public policy guidance are emphasized to foster SSR as a golden rule for any basic research and applied undertaking.