Gut bacterial and fungal communities of François’ langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) changed coordinate to different seasons

The inverse diversity patterns of bacterial and fungal communities suggest complementary roles in nutrient extraction under seasonal dietary constraints. <i>Akkermansia</i>'s summer prevalence may reflect enhanced mucin utilization during fruit-rich periods, while <i>Cercophora</i>'s cold-season dominance likely aids cellulose breakdown in leaf-heavy diets. These dynamics highlight the microbiota's role in optimizing energy harvest from seasonally variable diets. By elucidating microbial seasonal plasticity, this study provides critical insights for developing conservation strategies tailored to the nutritional ecology of François' langurs.