Equipotential lines in liquids

Understanding the potential distribution in liquids is critical due to its significant differences from general media. The main problem addressed in this research is the lack of clarity on how electrode polarization affects potential distribution in liquid electrolytes. To investigate this, we experimentally measured the potential distribution characteristics in liquids under DC and AC voltages, explaining the variability through electrode polarization theory. Our action included introducing electrode polarization potential correction in COMSOL software simulations, which showed strong agreement with our experimental results. Further, we investigated the potential distribution characteristics in Na2SO4 solutions with varying concentrations, using ionic potential to explain voltage formation inside the liquids. The results highlight the improved accuracy in modeling potential distributions in liquid electrolytes, which is significant for advancing various electrochemical processes.