Production of therapeutic radionuclides for bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals to meet clinical exigency and academic research

Abstract This review offers a comprehensive and insightful overview of the production of therapeutic radionuclides ( 32 P, 89 Sr, 117m Sn, 153 Sm, 166 Ho, 186 Re, 188 Re, 177 Lu and 223 Ra), which are essential for developing bone-targeting radiopharmaceuticals. These radionuclides are critical not only in the early stages of radiopharmaceutical development but also in ensuring their continued success, reliability, and progress. The manuscript highlights recent innovations and trends in the field, addressing significant challenges and emerging opportunities. It also examines the regulatory environment and emphasizes the growing role of automation in enhancing the production process.