Atypical rat bite fever associated with knee joint infection in a Chinese patient: a case report

In atypical cases, importantly, clinical healthcare professionals should promptly obtain microbiological culture results. When culture is negative, 16S ribosomal RNA gene polymerase chain reaction (16S rRNA PCR) or mNGS can be considered for identification, with inquiring about the patient's disease history, including any contact with rodents. Surgical interventions, such as arthroscopy, may be included in treatment. Streptobacillus moniliformis infection should be considered when considerable fibrous connective tissue and capillary proliferation are observed under arthroscopic guidance.