Molecular insights into the viral etiologies in liver cancer

Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis, which greatly increases the incidence of liver cancer worldwide, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The infections caused by HBV and HCV can progress from acute to chronic stages, with an increased risk for HCC due to the promotion of cirrhosis. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of HBV and HCV attachment, and entry into human cells for developing targeted therapies and preventive measures. This study identifies and analyzes the functional receptors involved in HBV and HCV attachment, such as NTCP for HBV and CD81 for HCV. It also assesses the expression of genes encoding these receptors in humans and potential animal models. Additionally, the study explores the evolutionary relationship between HBV/HCV and novel HBV/HCV-like viruses identified in various animals. The findings suggest that while HBV and the Capuchin Monkey Hepatitis B virus share common ancestors, the evolutionary relationships between HCV and its animal homologs are less clear, necessitating further investigation.