Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Dynamics in Thyroid Pathologies: A Comprehensive Analysis of Pre- and Post-Surgery Levels in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Nodular Goiter

<b>Introduction:</b> In various pathological conditions, including cancer, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) emerges as a pivotal cytokine.<b>Aim:</b> This study sought to evaluate TGF-β concentrations in blood serum samples and explore potential associations between pre- and post-surgery TGF-β levels in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and forms of nodular goiter.<b>Material and methods:</b> A total of 70 patients were included, aged 26 to 79, undergoing thyroidectomy for: differentiated thyroid cancer (11), neutral nodular goiter (46), and hyperactive nodular goiter (13). Serum TGF-β1 values were assessed using the Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine Assay from Bio-Rad Laboratories, and data were analyzed with Bio-Plex Manager™ software.<b>Conclusions:</b> This investigation aimed to provide insights into the dynamics of TGF-β concentrations in the context of thyroid pathologies, utilizing a comparative approach before and after surgical intervention.