BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON OXYTOCIN USE IN DAIRY MANAGEMENT: EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF DAIRY ANIMALS IN PERI-URBAN, FAISALABAD, PUNJAB

The dairy industry forms the backbone of Punjab's agricultural economy, with efficient management of dairy animals playing a critical role in sustaining milk production and enhancing food security. This study evaluates the biotechnological implications of exogenous oxytocin administration on milk yield and reproductive outcomes in peri-urban dairy systems of Faisalabad, Punjab. Data were collected through structured interviews with 145 milk-producing households, complemented by on-farm monitoring and qualitative insights from 20-30 farmers and veterinarians. Results show that 90% of farmers use oxytocin injections for milk letdown, primarily in lactating buffaloes (61%) and, to a lesser extent, cattle (19%). Oxytocin was often administered in cases where calves were absent, died, or rejected by dams, with significant differences (P < 0.05) in usage patterns across production systems. Quantitative analysis indicates that oxytocin if used judiciously, increases daily milk yield by 2-4 liters per animal and enhances reproductive health, reflected in a 10-15% rise in conception rates and a reduction in calving intervals from 14-16 months to 12-14 months (P ≤ 0.005). Additionally, treated animals exhibited a lower incidence of retained placenta (5%) compared to untreated ones (15%). Despite these benefits, prolonged oxytocin use was associated with adverse effects, including disrupted milk ejection reflex, poor estrus signs, high embryonic mortality, increased mastitis incidence, and lowered milk quality for human use. This study underscores the need for biotechnologically informed protocols and veterinary oversight for oxytocin use to balance productivity gains with animal welfare. Recommendations include farmer education on responsible oxytocin use, adherence to standardized dosages, and integration of best practices in animal management. These findings aim to guide sustainable dairy practices in Punjab, ensuring the dual objectives of improved productivity and ethical animal care.