Bronzes of Dian and Seals of Han

The article highlights the key aspects of sphragistics (sigillography) concerning materials from the Han Epoch in China, a time when the use of seals became particularly significant. Special focus is given to the culture of the Dian Kingdom, which became a vassal state of the Han Empire in 109 BC. Over time, it came fully under Han control and was incorporated into the Yizhou district. Using data from sphragistics, epigraphy, and numismatics obtained during excavations at the Hebosuo settlement, the authors identified a transitional period from the vassal kingdom to the imperial district. This transition appeared to be smooth in everyday settlements but was marked by dramatic changes in elite burial practices. These burials showcased the highest achievements of Dian culture before it largely merged into Han traditions. By integrating sphragistics with archaeological and written sources, the authors were able to partially reconstruct the biography of a notable military figure, General Guo Chang, who was in the territory of Yunnan Province during this transitional period.