Search for Neutrino Emission from Hard X-Ray AGN with IceCube
Abstract Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are promising candidate sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, since they provide environments rich in matter and photon targets where cosmic-ray interactions may lead to the production of gamma rays and neutrinos. We searched for high-energy neutrino emission from AGN using the Swift-BAT Spectroscopic Survey catalog of hard X-ray sources and 12 yr of IceCube muon track data. First, upon performing a stacked search, no significant emission was found. Second, we searched for neutrinos from a list of 43 candidate sources and found an excess from the direction of two sources, the Seyfert galaxies NGC 1068 and NGC 4151. We observed NGC 1068 at flux <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>4.0</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.52</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.58</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> TeV −1 cm −2 s −1 normalized at 1 TeV, with a power-law spectral index γ = 3.10 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.22</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.26</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , consistent with previous IceCube results. The observation of a neutrino excess from the direction of NGC 4151 is at a posttrial significance of 2.9 σ . If interpreted as an astrophysical signal, the excess observed from NGC 4151 corresponds to a flux <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1.5</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.81</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.99</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> TeV −1 cm −2 s −1 normalized at 1 TeV and γ = 2.83 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.28</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.35</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> .
Authors
- S. N. Axani
- L. Schumacher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6722)
- L. Köpke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-6348)
- M. Baricevic
- M. Prado Rodriguez
- J. Veitch-Michaelis
- G. Roellinghoff
- S. W. Barwick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-6714)
- M. Venugopal
- G. M. Spiczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-0519)
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- A. Novikov
- Thien Nhan Chau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-8159)
- Spencer Griswold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-7513)
- Pranav Dave (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3879-5115)
- Woosik Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3778)
- I. Taboada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3457)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- S. R. Klein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-6553)
- Michael Campana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5739)
- James DeLaunay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-1995)
- Oliver Gries
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- P. Zhelnin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1019-8375)
- Felix Schlüter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4363)
- Delaney Butterfield
- A. Ishihara
- Christina Love
- C. Girard-Carillo
- W. G. Thompson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-7998)
- M. Ha Minh
- C. H. Wiebusch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-3008)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Abdul Rehman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-5790)
- I. Martinez-Soler
- C. De Clercq (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-7059)
- John Evans (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-4245)
- J. W. Lee
- K. D. de Vries (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-4068)
- R. Snihur
- Alexander Sandrock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-1172)
- A. Terliuk
- Axel Pontén (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2463-2930)
- J. Saffer
- J. Krishnamoorthi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1352-2248)
- Z. Rechav
- C. Weaver (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-2559)
- Yantao Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1448-271X)
- R. Bay
- Hershal Pandya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-4808)
- C. Wendt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-8877)
- Ek Narayan Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-7994)
- D. Vannerom
- G. de Wasseige (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-5100)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- M. Dittmer
- Erik Ganster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-6944)
- S. Hickford
- S. Athanasiadou
- Leonora Kardum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-004X)
- F. Varsi
- J. Madsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-9959)
- J. Vandenbroucke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-6548)
- J. P. Yanez
- M. Liubarska
- M. Vereecken
- Colton Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-9174)
- Frederik Hermann Lauber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-5930)
- S. Böser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5918-4890)
- J. C. Díaz–Vélez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-0693)
- Richard Naab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-466X)
- Hrvoje Dujmović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1891-0718)
- Christoph Raab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2668)
- J. V. Santen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-9728)
- Matheus Hostert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-8877)
- Miaochen Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-5595)
- A. A. Harnisch
- P. Savina
- Diyaselis Delgado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-8828)
- G. C. Hill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-6802)
- Ryan T. Burley
- M. Weyrauch
- A. Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9420-2667)
- C. Günther
- J. M. Conrad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-0438)
- P. Eller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-5209)
- D. Tosi
- J. Weldert
- S. Yoshida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-5105)
- Julia Book (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-5959)
- A. Hidvegi
- D. F. Cowen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-0787)
- Aswathi Balagopal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-8876)
- Nils Heyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-8623)
- S. Sarkar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-858X)
- A. R. Fazely (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-8020)
- Finn Mayhew (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-403X)
- Kaustav Dutta
- Bennett Brinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-1159)
- F. Halzen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6224-2417)
- B. J. P. Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3400-8986)
- Martin Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9991-3923)
- S. Griffin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9623)
- E. Bernardini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-1141)
- Y. Morii
- J. V. Mead (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0875-2533)
- J. Peterson
- Alan Coleman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-1712)
- A. Medina
- Matthias Thiesmeyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0005-4762)
- P. Weigel
- Oliver Janik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3121-2486)
- Agnieszka Leszczyńska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0935-6313)
- Maximilian Meier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-9450)
- Martina Karl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-8951)
- S. Rodan
- Judith Schneider (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7752-5700)
- Sharif El Mentawi
- C. Pérez de los Heros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-5866)
- Cristina Lagunas Gualda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-7191)
- Darren Grant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-3650)
- S. Robertson
- Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-8866)
- T. Glüsenkamp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9297)
- S. Fiedlschuster
- C. Finley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-390X)
- C. Argüelles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4186-4182)
- P. Reichherzer
- K. Hoshina
- Kathrine Mørch Groth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-9049)
- Lucas Bloom (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9938-3164)
- G. S. Japaridze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7000-5291)
- Z. Chen
- Barbara Skrzypek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-1057)
- X. Bai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-9121)
- Gaurav Garg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-8934)
- K. Rawlins
- M. Kowalski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-8666)
- E. Blaufuss (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5450-1757)
- A. Weindl
- M. Marsee
- Claudio Kopper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-7637)
- Bob Oeyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-3164)
- D. Chirkin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-1345)
- E. Kun
- Vedant Basu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-2009)
- S. Toscano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1860-2240)
- Yarno Merckx (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0616-9563)
- J. Vara
- J. Rack-Helleis
- Z. Márka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1306-5260)
- O. Botner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-7306)
- Donghwa Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5149-9767)
- I. Safa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8737-6825)
- Kirsten Tollefson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-1479)
- Kareem Ramadan Farrag
- S. Ter–Antonyan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-1369)
- J. Böttcher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-4236)
- M. Stamatikos
- Erin O’Sullivan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-8802)
- Paul Coppin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-1280)
- J. Hardin
- S. Sclafani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-1219)
- Saskia Philippen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-0092)
- George C. Privon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-1125)
- Nora Valtonen-Mattila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-098X)
- Thomas Stuttard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7944-279X)
- A. Khatee Zathul (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-8579)
- E. Lohfink
- F. Bontempo
- Sarah Mancina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9879-3896)
- J. Mitchell
- Michael Kovacevich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5019-5745)
- Lukas Merten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-9895)
- T. Stezelberger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2676-9574)
- G. W. Sullivan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-2352)
- H. Erpenbeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-2108)
- Y. Popovych
- Jean Pierre Twagirayezu
- T. Karg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-2126)
- U. Katz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7063-4418)
- R. W. Moore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4160-4700)
- Jakob Beise (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7448-4189)
- Christian Haack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3932-2448)
- Akanksha Katil
- Sharmistha Chattopadhyay
- A. Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4368-9202)
- A. Eimer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6308-0258)
- Simeon Bash (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-1271)
- L. Heuermann
- Alex Wen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4869-7867)
- L. Halve (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-6714)
- Minhye Seo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-3919)
- P. Hatch
- Francesco Lucarelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9558-8788)
- Jeffrey Lazar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-5025)
- R. Hussain
- A. Obertacke Pollmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2492-043X)
- N. Park (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4282-736X)
- J. S. Gallagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8608-0408)
- J. Soedingrekso
- A. Hallgren (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7751-4489)
- William Luszczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-0674)
- A. Noell
- Aske Rosted (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-400X)
- Ava Ghadimi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6485)
- R. Procter-Murphy
- Jannis Necker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-7484)
- M. Ackermann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8952-588X)
- W. Iwakiri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9010)
- S. Schindler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-8890)
- Brian Clark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-2245)
- M. J. Larson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-1155)
- Perri Zilberman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-0679)
- A. Pizzuto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-8168)
- R. Morse
- Yang Lyu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2333-4383)
- Abhishek Desai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-9994)
- Paras Koundal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-5230)
- Emre Burak Yildizci
- K. Hanson
- A. Domi
- K. Meagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3967-1533)
- R. Maruyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-512X)
- Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-4329)
- Minjin Jeong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2420-6639)
- Vivian O'Dell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-543X)
- Jose Carpio
- Tianlu Yuan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7041-5872)
- C. Glaser
- S. Deng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4395-2877)
- S. BenZvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-4710)
- E. Krupczak
- J. Osborn
- A. Franckowiak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-2219)
- T. Kozynets
- L. Gerhardt
- K. Noda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1397-6478)
- Massimiliano Lincetto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-3369)
- Neha Navnitkumar Lad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-5140)
- K. D. Hoffman
- J. Brostean-Kaiser
- K. Hultqvist (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-9472)
- N. Whitehorn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3157-0407)
- C. Rott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6958-6033)
- W. Marie Sainte
- G. K. Parker
- Larissa Paul (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-2829)
- R. Orsoe
- M. A. DuVernois (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-9691)
- A. Karle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9889-5161)
- Thomas Huber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6515-1673)
- N. Kurahashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-8094)
- Anil Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8367-8401)
- Gerrit Wrede
- Y. Ashida
- Hans Niederhausen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-4904)
- P. A. Evenson
- D. Z. Besson
- Y. Makino
- W. Rhode (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5000)
- D. Ryckbosch
- Alejandra Granados (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9281)
- Charlotte Benning
- K. Andeen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9394-0007)
- D. B. Fox (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-672X)
- Tomas Kontrimas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-0933)
- A. Diaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7206-8336)
- Karlijn Kruiswijk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9261-0537)
- K. B. M. Mahn
- Anatoli Fedynitch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2837-3477)
- Ali Kheirandish (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0539)
- L. Ruohan
- K. Helbing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4172)
- S. Mechbal
- A. Connolly
- T. Ehrhardt
- M. Moulai
- X. Kang
- K. Upshaw
- B. Schlüter
- Silvia Latseva
- D. Elsäesser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-3205)
- Dennis Soldin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-7879)
- M. Kauer
- M. Jacquart
- Jean-Marco Alameddine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-9189)
- A. Kappes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-3711)
- Frank McNally (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0785-2244)
- J. Kiryluk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-3133)
- U. Naumann
- T. Montaruli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-2152)
- Else Magnus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8111-1154)
- E. Ellinger
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- J. Micallef
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- M. Nakos
- M. Plum
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- D. Kappesser
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- Szabolcs Márka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3957-1324)
- M. Jansson
- C. Tönnis
- M. Neumann
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- Martin Rongen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-1007)
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- D. Veske
- P. Sampathkumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4555-4512)
- R. Turcotte
- J. Savelberg
- M. Ahlers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-5631)
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- C. Spannfellner
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- H. Kolanoski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2524)
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- Nick Schmeisser
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- J. Hermannsgabner
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- Teresa Pernice
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- Patrick Schaile
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- P. Dierichs
- L. Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3175-7770)
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- S. Goswami (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-9770)
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- J. Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8086-586X)
- C. Walck
- S. Tilav
- R. Young
- D. Seckel
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- J. Adams
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- R. Shah
- R. Engel
- S. Fukami
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- T. Stürwald
- N. M. Amin
- M. Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-8184)
- A. Olivas
- J. Braun
- K. Carloni
- M. Ramirez-García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-3822)
- X. W. Xu
- L. Brusa
- A. Vaidyanathan
- Melany Zimmerman
- Manish Khanal
- S. Choi
- T. Stanev
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- Nora Feigl
- E. J. Roberts
- J. G. Gonzalez
- T. Schmidt
- M. Schaufel
- N. van Eijndhoven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3328)
- M. Santander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-8217)
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- A. Sègaard
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2025-03-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada94b
- Citations
- 28
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 52.37
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Nvidia
- Michigan State University
- Villum Fonden
- Polarforskningssekretariatet
- Marquette University
- Western Canada Research Grid
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Santen
- Vetenskapsrådet
- RWTH Aachen University
- Chiba University
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
- Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Marsden Fund
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University
- Office of Polar Programs
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure
- Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research