Analysis of the Dual Narrative Structure in To Live

Yu Hua’s novel To Live adopts a dual narrative structure, featuring an external focalization narrated by “I”, the storyteller, and an internal focalization centered on the protagonist, Fugui. With Fugui’s narrative serving as the primary thread and “I”’s narrative as the secondary, the narrative intersperses “I”’s perspectives and reflections as an observer and listener during Fugui’s recount. The interplay between external and internal focalizations not only heightens the novel’s authenticity but also propels the plot forward, extending readers’ engagement with the narrative. This enables readers to empathize with Fugui’s enduring hardships and his resilient, optimistic attitude towards life. It urges readers to adopt Fugui’s positive and upward spirit in the face of adversity.