Simulation Analysis of Driving Safety Based on Three-Dimensional Morphology of Water-Filled Ruts on Asphalt Road

The presence of water-filled ruts during rainy conditions poses dual risks to driving safety: extended braking distances and sudden lateral vehicle deflection. When using maximum depth alone to describe the severity of the rut, it is impossible to obtain the three-dimensional rut morphology, let alone describe its effect on the water distribution on the road. To address this limitation, this study integrates the behavioral characteristics of the road surface with the three-dimensional rut morphology to calculate the water film thickness distribution of the road surface and develop a predictive model for the adhesion coefficient of the entire road surface. Based on the CarSim 2019 dynamics software and the road surface adhesion coefficient model, a water-filled rut driving safety simulation model was established. Key evaluation indicators are identified to quantify the effects of the three-dimensional rut morphology on braking and side deflection behavior, leading to the establishment of a comprehensive safety assessment model. This framework enables the correlation between three-dimensional rut morphology detection and driving risk evaluation, providing valuable insights for traffic safety management on rainy days, particularly in sections with existing ruts.