Leiomyosarcoma Arising in Angiomyolipoma 5 Years Post-Embolisation: A Case Report and Literature Review

Renal angiomyolipoma is a benign tumour characteristically composed of fat, smooth muscles, and thick-walled blood vessels. In extremely rare instances, transformation into the more sinister leiomyosarcoma causes potentially drastic differences in both management strategies and prognosis. In most cases, radical nephrectomy remains the standard modality of choice for these tumours as they exhibit aggressive biological behaviour with unfavourable prognosis. Herein, the authors describe a rare case of renal angiomyolipoma in a 33-year-old male, which showed malignant transformation into leiomyosarcoma 5 years post angioembolisation and was managed with radical nephrectomy.